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Define different types of Validity and reliability.



Define different types of Validity and reliability ?

Types of validity=
Content validity
It explains whether the content of the measure is representative. This can be done by ensuring elements of the wider issue under investigation and the items used have taken care of depth and breadth.

Predictive validity
This involves predicting by means of assessment or technique performance on some other criterion. An assessment for example can be used as a predictor when it is used to place children in groups.

Concurrent validity
This is when data gathered from one instrument must correlate highly with data gathered from using another instrument.



Types of reliability=
However we can use four techniques to find out reliability which are following:

Observer Reliability: The degree to which different raters/observers give consistent answers or estimates. For example Two people may be asked to categorize pictures of animals as being dogs or cats. A perfectly reliable result would be that they both classify the same pictures in the same way

Test-Retest Reliability: 
The consistency of a measure evaluated over time.
For example Various questions for a personality test are tried out with a class of students over several years. This helps the researcher determine those questions and combinations that have better reliability.
Parallel-Forms Reliability:
The reliability of two tests constructed the same way, from the same content.For example An experimenter develops a large set of questions. They split these into two and administer them each to a randomly-selected half of a target sample.
Internal Consistency Reliability:
The consistency of results across items.for example evaluation of individual questions in comparison with one another for their ability to give consistently appropriate results.



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